Multiple Personality Disorder Free Essay Example, 1250 words

There is also the sudden loss of interest and motivation. Things that often brought joy and happiness to the affected individual may no longer have an effect on them, and this is often characterized by a lack of enthusiasm about life and some of its joys. Lack of proper self-care, hygiene, and poor demeanor at this stage are often indicators that something is wrong with the person. Speech anomaly can also be a symptom that makes individuals unable to make coherent or articulate conversations, and when they do intend to say something, their voice may not have any tinge of emotion (Hayes, 2014). Treatment and control of MPD A lot of controversy surrounds the treatment of individuals with MPD, which has led to individuals leading poor deprived lives, and sometimes without the hope of any effective treatment. Psychotherapy, often described in some quarters as harmful, may be the only method or technique that can effectively manage and control the MPD disease among people who suffer from it. There is indirect harm caused when different research studies and findings suggest that such treatments are harmful to the people they are meant to treat and care for. We will write a custom essay sample on Multiple Personality Disorder or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page First, stabilization of the symptoms should be considered, where individuals suffering from MPD can be taught how to regulate their impulses in their dissociative states, proper coordination and cooperation. Once this is complete, the trauma that was experienced should be revisited, paying careful attention to the individual’s safety and stability (Gentile, Dillon ensuring that they live healthy and fulfilling lives. Presence of MPD in society Individuals who suffer from MPD are often associated with family histories where the family structure was dissociative in nature.

No Honour Amongst Thieves By Thomas More - 1052 Words

No Honour Amongst Thieves In Thomas More’s â€Å"Utopia† the government has a very unconventional way of addressing war; rather than fighting in malicious battles they strive to defeat their opponent through acts of cunning strategy or they hire a mercenary army to deal with trials of war so they don’t have to endure the exposure to blood shed. Although mercenary armies are a powerful tool in warfare and prove to be loyal to their employers, they are also selfish they are notorious for abandoning employers when a better offer comes along regardless of who the offer came from. (Thomas More, TM, Utopia, Third ed. (New York, London: W.W. NORTON COMPANY), 88) The presence of these soldiers protects the citizens of Utopia from being forced to experience war first hand. Although this makes for peaceful Utopian citizens the risks of betrayal from the mecenery army are very real. Utopian citizens do not take any joy in defeating opponents with brute force. In fact â₠¬Å" they despise war as an activity fit for only beasts.† (More, Utopia, 77) In Utopia equality is of the utmost importance. Without jealousy or greed there is no reason for any violence between citizens. The Utopian society values handwork and intellect and focuses on those attributes to combat wars with other countries. When they get word of an impending attack they begin by offering rewards to their opponents subjects for anyone who is able to kill the king. (Thomas More, TM, Utopia, Third ed. (New York, London: W.W.Show MoreRelatedA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pageswhich belong together are separated (e.g., the geographical sections on pp.171 ff. and 394 ff.), long, discursive definitions, appearing in unexpected places, further break the sequence (e.g., pp.78 and 343)-. and there is a great deal more to make the reader’s task more difficult. This manner of writing may well be intentional, whether to make the magical sections appear less suspect by i nterlarding them with theoretical passages, or to make certain doctrines seem less strange by administering themRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pagespersonalities. He came to Barca 13 years old and is brought up in their culture. He doesn t have any problems with that school shit. In the team, the play revolves around him, which is natural really. He s brilliant, but now I had come, and I was scoring more than he did. He went to Guardiola and said: I don t want to play on the right side, on the wing, anymore. I want to be in the middle. That was where I was. But Guardiola didn t give a shit. He changed tactics. From 4-3-3 he switched to 45-1 with

Online English Grammar Lessons Free Essays

The mentioned skills must be reactive by every applicant in order for them to enhance their skills not only in Job seeking but also in their work field. Minor Statements These are specific problems of company’s current system: Hassle in typing the applicant’s data on the database due to lack of people (Maximum of 2 senior recruitment specialists per recruitment office) Lack of information about the nature of the Job Hassle in answering the application form manually before they will have their initial interview at the same day. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Online English Grammar Lessons or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 Objectives This study intends to develop an Online English Grammar Lessons for aspiring call center applicants. 1. 4. 1 . General Objective The main objective of the study is to design an interactive e-learning system, in order to provide accessible teaching method that can be easily integrate by the end user into the training program. The ultimate goal is to design comprehensive teaching tools specifically designed to the development of the end user’s communication skills particularly in grammar through the contents of Online English Grammar Lessons. Specific Objective The proposed system specifically aims to: 1 . Helps to use the English language effectively in grammar. 2. To enable assimilate the correct patterns of the language. 3. Knowledge of the underlying ‘rules’ of grammar 4. To develop insight into the structure of English language. 5. To enable the assimilate the correct patterns of the language. 6. To develop the mental abilities of reasoning and correct observation. 1. 4. 3. Scope and Delimitation SCOPE This study mainly focused on the development of one’s communication skills using inline teaching approach of English grammar lessons. The study will include online registration for those who are aspiring applicants of the said company. This study looked into a better impact of using technology today, it can help our beneficiaries to know the differences of using manual system to a computerized generation today. Communication skills development consists of wide range of topics. The researcher limited this research to the development of pronunciation and diction of the applicants. How to cite Online English Grammar Lessons, Papers

Facebook Marketing Strategies Australia

Question: 1. What marketing strategy or strategies has Facebook adopted since it was created? Answer this question by applying one or more of the theoretical approaches discussed in the course. 2. What marketing options can you describe for Facebook if it wishes to remain a successful organisation throughout the next decade? Answer this question based on the circumstances that exist in 2014 and your best forecasts of relevant future industry factors. Answer: Executive Summary Facebook is a global company for social networking which is quit prevalent in this contemporary world to create an interactive platform for every user. Marketing strategies are the key catalyst for success of any organization and Facebook too adopted various strategies suiting both short and long term aims of the company. Introduction Facebook Inc. is a complete package for media, friends, updates, posts, photographs, events and what not. The prime policy of the company give due respect and regard to the customers and provide them with suitable features to make them loyal to the organization and aid in the process of growth and development for a rising curve. Facebook as a company have practices numerous marketing techniques since the time it came into existence and business analysts are concerned for the long term goals and plans too. They are paying attention towards campaigning, scheduling of launches, market segmentation, feedback analysis, budget management or optimization of advertisements (Moore, 1999). The study will focus upon the present and future strategies including algorithms and techniques. Background of Facebook Inc. The story of Facebook starts from the time when Zuckerberg built a social network for the students of Harvard University which was earlier known as TheFacebook. Mid 2004, Facebook got its first president as Sean Parker and 2006 the website became accessible to everybody who followed certain rules of having a minimum age limit of 13 years and have an email account (Phillips, 2007). In the year 2007, Facebook made an alliance with Microsoft and by the year 2009 it topped the charts of being the topmost social networking site of the globe. In 2010, it became the third largest website in America with Google and Amazon being on the top surpassing eBay. In 2014, Facebook celebrated its tenth anniversary with acquisition of Oculus and Watsapp as major achievements. Marketing Strategies for Facebook The current marketing strategies of Facebook fall under the tagline of globalization where there is a need to devise innovative mechanisms to fuel the development of the company. For fulfilling the essence of globalization, Facebook have adopted localization of languages as per the region. The technique of Trending Topics, NewsFeed, Pulse, Timeline and many more have become latest hits for the company. The company didnt rely over staple marketing techniques but innovated strategies of address booking, word of mouth or SEO (Evans, 2010). They segmented the customers to promote special advertisements. The news feed algorithm was changes from being simple text to text accompanied by pictures and animations. The company have adopted agile an flexible approach towards the market and the team of geniuses is contributing towards refined strategies for marketing and management. Facebook have reached a remarkable level of 1 million users per day and 130TB of logs per day (Hartline, 2008) because of its scaling methodology. It has adopted horizontal scaling for agility and maintenance of records and databases. The work of small teams in an incremental fashion was the key to successful marketing success of the company. Theories of Marketing Facebook have adopted viral marketing as its key strategy for brand management and to enhance CRM. We can evaluate the marketing strategies by some of the marketing models. According to the growth strategy matrix, Facebook have customized and diversified the customers in clusters and segments. There is an upstream and downstream integration after wisely analyzing integrative penetration strategies to customer loyalty and growth. Under the Seven P marketing Model, Facebook upholds its quality as being the topmost product or service with free services and applications. The topmost position is maintained and is strengthened by the purchase of Watsapp. The company have profound impact over commerce, sales, media, promotions etc. Future Facebook Strategies Mobile technologies, cloud computing, online shopping and much more craft the future for Facebook. With release of the mobile application and buying of the topmost applications like Instagram or Watsapp, Facebook have once again conquered the world of mobile application by leaving an impact over it. Mobile applications earn from the advertisements which much be balanced for a successful position of the company. The company is focusing over direct communications, specialized dashboards and simpler navigations. The future holds in room for Analytics API, library connections, open graph API etc. (Poynter, 2008). Facebook is looking for its future in augmented reality with the help of Oculus. As said by Zuckerberg, the three year mission is to serve the public and progress in content. The five year goal is to amalgamate every applications contribution into a huge user database and facilitated storehouse. Ten years goal is to take big steps and leaps in artificial intelligence and computi ng (Locke, 2007). Conclusion Marketing strategies of Facebook are in line with the contemporary and mind-blowing solutions to innovate for something new and the main aim now lies in completing the challenges to uphold the status of the company for a tremendous success in the field of online social media. References Evans, L. 2010,Social media marketing: strategies for engaging in Facebook, Twitter other social media, Pearson Education. Hartline, J., Mirrokni, V., Sundararajan, M. 2008, April, Optimal marketing strategies over social networks, InProceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web, 189-198, ACM. Locke, L. 2007, The future of Facebook,Time Magazine, 17. Moore, G. A. 1999,Inside the tornado: marketing strategies from Silicon Valley's cutting edge, HarperPerennial. Phillips, S. 2007, A brief history of Facebook,the Guardian, 25. Poynter, R. 2008, Viewpoint-Facebook: The future of networking with customers,Journal of the Market Research Society, 50, no. 1, pp. 11. Solomon, M. R. 2003,Conquering consumerspace: Marketing strategies for a branded world, New York: Amacom

Ideology Essays - Political Philosophy, 20th-century Philosophy

Ideology There exist numerous political structures which separate the world's many nations, each of which is different from the other. Since ancient Greece many have debated as to which form of political system is most ideal. This debate also extends to one's duty to this most ideal form of government. In the attempt to understand the basis for political societies, the idea of human nature must first be investigated. Ideology is the study of human nature, which provides a basis by which to establish system of political action. It is my contention that it is in our nature to have benevolent as well as self-beneficent attributes (the latter of which takes precedence). Given this nature, the ideal form of government would be a representative democracy (aka capitalist) form of government. In respect to our duty to this government, it is our duty to obey the laws of our system so long as it does not break our moral obligation to others. Political Science

Free Essays on Cosmetic Testing On Animals

Cosmetic Testing on Animals A topic that has always been close to many people’s hearts is the one of animal testing. Some believe that it is right completely, some that it is right but only under certain circumstances, and others believe that all animal testing is wrong and will go to extraordinary lengths to stop it. Should animals be harmed to benefit mankind? This is a pressing question that has been around for at least the past two centuries. In my opinion, it is morally inhumane to torture our animals. Every year, millions of animals suffer and die in painful tests to determine the safety of cosmetics. Substances such as eye shadow and soap are tested on rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and other animals. All of this, despite the fact that the test results don’t help prevent or treat human illness or injury. Some of the tests used on animals are eye irritancy tests, acute toxicity tests, and skin irritancy tests. For centuries, animals have been used in these types of research. (1) A restrained dog waits in a laboratory. Within the next few minutes this dog will be force-fed or forced to inhale huge amounts of a potentially lethal chemical. This will cause the dog to vomit, suffer convulsions and internal bleeding. The dog will not be anaesthetized during this test. Scientists believe that using painkillers will interfere with the accuracy of the test results. This is not a test for curing cancer. This is not a test for curing AIDS. This dog is being tested for a brand new hair dye. Another dog will be tested in the same way for toothpaste, another for face powder. This is known as the notorious LD-50 test. The test is complete when 50% of the test animals die. The surviving 50% are killed, autopsied and analyzed to determine which organs and systems were affected and why they didn't die during the test. The Draize test for eye and skin irritancy is equally horrifying. In the Draize test... Free Essays on Cosmetic Testing On Animals Free Essays on Cosmetic Testing On Animals Cosmetic Testing on Animals A topic that has always been close to many people’s hearts is the one of animal testing. Some believe that it is right completely, some that it is right but only under certain circumstances, and others believe that all animal testing is wrong and will go to extraordinary lengths to stop it. Should animals be harmed to benefit mankind? This is a pressing question that has been around for at least the past two centuries. In my opinion, it is morally inhumane to torture our animals. Every year, millions of animals suffer and die in painful tests to determine the safety of cosmetics. Substances such as eye shadow and soap are tested on rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and other animals. All of this, despite the fact that the test results don’t help prevent or treat human illness or injury. Some of the tests used on animals are eye irritancy tests, acute toxicity tests, and skin irritancy tests. For centuries, animals have been used in these types of research. (1) A restrained dog waits in a laboratory. Within the next few minutes this dog will be force-fed or forced to inhale huge amounts of a potentially lethal chemical. This will cause the dog to vomit, suffer convulsions and internal bleeding. The dog will not be anaesthetized during this test. Scientists believe that using painkillers will interfere with the accuracy of the test results. This is not a test for curing cancer. This is not a test for curing AIDS. This dog is being tested for a brand new hair dye. Another dog will be tested in the same way for toothpaste, another for face powder. This is known as the notorious LD-50 test. The test is complete when 50% of the test animals die. The surviving 50% are killed, autopsied and analyzed to determine which organs and systems were affected and why they didn't die during the test. The Draize test for eye and skin irritancy is equally horrifying. In the Draize test...

Business Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Decision Making - Assignment Example This involves internal and external assessment. The next process involves setting goals and selecting opportunities. The process involve getting specific to the intended purpose of the data collection process. The next process in planning is the approach and data to be used. This utilizes size of data to be collected. The next process will be collecting the required data. The sampling frame desirable for the study is that which will involve identification and measure of every single item in the population of interest. The sampling frame will include identification of every single element and include any in the sample. The method of sampling used in the process will be systematic random sampling. The method is chosen as it will be able to cover all aspects in the chosen population. This is the value that occupies the middle position when all data obtained are arranged in ascending order or descending order. The main disadvantage in the use of median is that it is not affected by very big or small values. The disadvantage of the method is that it takes a long time to compute when dealing with large sets of data (Fitzgerald, 2002). It does not also use all data available in a sample. Mode is the data occurring most frequently in the data. The advantage of the method is that it is the only measure that can be used for data measure in the normal scale. The disadvantage of the method is that is not used in statistical analysis as it is not algebraic defined. Mean is the average number of a data set. The data method has the advantage of using all the data to find the answer. The advantage of using the method is that very large or small numbers are able to distort the answer obtained. Management information is important in organizations as it is used in all the stages of an organization, planning, directing and controlling organizations. In strategic management stage, management information systems are used in

Ethical Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Decisions - Essay Example Due to the nature of this circumstance, various ethical issues usually tend to arise. The major ethical issues that usually arise include: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Minors are considered not be competent enough to consent to treatment. A proxy with parental responsibility is expected to make decisions which are deemed to be in the best interests of the minor especially in life-saving care (Gaudine, et al., 2011). However, if it is not deemed to be so, the decision made by the proxy can be overruled by the court. The court can also consent on the child’s behalf and can overrule the refusal by the parent to consent to life-saving care. This is evidenced by the overruling of cases over Jehovah’s Witnesses believers refusal to consent to life saving blood transfusion. Whereas this seems to be against certain ethical principles, they are deemed to be within these principles in some respect (Clark, Cott, and Drinka, 2007). It is against this backgro und that this paper will seek to examine and evaluate how each of the four major ethical principles can be applied to this issue. Autonomy The autonomy principle is one of the guiding medical ethics principles that mean that patients have the right to choose what is done to their respective bodies or that of the people they have responsibility over (Clark, Cott, and Drinka, 2007). ... to try and convince the judge that the court should take temporary child custody and appoint a guardian so as to allow the life-saving treatment to be undertaken on the child (Gaudine et al, 2011). This is where the court consent applies on the child. In most cases, the parents who refuse life-saving care for a minor child usually do so for religious reasons as they refuse the fairly standard medical treatment. A good and most common example is that of the Jehovah Witness members refusing blood transfusion of their family members. Nonetheless, should parents allow the treatment of their children even when the treatment seems to be high-risk and complicated one? This ethical principle asks the question of whether the doctors should take the parents who think that the life-saving care is high-risk and complicated (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). Beneficence This ethical principle states that whatever is done should, before all else, of benefit to the patient. The principle requires tha t those with the responsibility over the patient including the parent of minors and the doctors should take actions that benefit the patient, and not to the detriment of the patient (Clark, Cott, and Drinka, 2007). While obviously it appears that one cannot do anything that does not help the patient, people are sometimes tempted to do things, when asked by other physicians or families that are of no or of marginal benefit to patients. For example, doing a test or surgery that is unlikely to help the patient. In the case of parental refusal of life-saving care for a minor child, it raises the question of whether such a refusal is deemed to benefit the minor child or not. If such a refusal will benefit the child then the doctors may consider it. However, in most cases, parental refusal is

Information Warfare & Cyberterrorism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Warfare & Cyberterrorism - Case Study Example According to Hollis (2008), international cyber terrorism has made digital form of storage of information become an insignificant advancement. In this paper, three major cyberterrorism cases that have occurred around the globe will be reviewed. In the three cases, the victims, the aggressors and the motives behind the attacks will be highlighted. In this case the victim was Estonia. Major organizations in Estonia including the government were affected by this particular attack. Major websites in the government were disabled. Financial institutions in Estonia were also affected as their websites were jammed with foreign users (Traynor, 2007). The aggressor in this case was Russia. However, Russia did not take responsibility for the attack, but the victims claimed the attacks were traced back to Russia. Analysts also argued the bitter political rivalry between Russia and Estonia was enough to link Russia to this particular attack. NATO investigated the issue and it was accused of double standards since they refused to directly accuse Russia of the attacks (Traynor, 2007). Major websites in the government were hacked and they were accessible to many foreign people. Additionally, there was a viral attack which disabled many government websites which contained crucial information. To curb the cyber attacks, the government of Estonia and all the affected companies disabled all the affected websites. Additionally, the government disabled all foreign access to the country’s websites. It ensured that only domestic subscribers could view these websites. The victim in this case was Georgia. The county was having political confrontations with Russia, which lasted for many years. After a truce agreement was signed to stop military war between the two nations, the war shifted to cyber attacks. The attacks were politically instigated as Russia was directly blamed for the attacks. Unlike

Personality In International Relations

Personality In International Relations This essay will explore the extent to which the personality traits of a decision maker impact upon his foreign policies. It will not argue that such idiosyncratic variables alone are the exclusive determinants, but that they have a significant role to play. As political scientist James Barber remarked, Every story of decision making is really two stories: an outer one in which a rational man calculates and an inner one in which an emotional man feels. The two are forever connected (quoted in Brewer, 1992, p.149). Foreign policy decision making is an outcome of how individuals with power perceive and analyse events. Political leaders are not beyond the reach of the human traits of assumptions, subjectivity, prejudices and biases. Their underlying beliefs and motivations will have a bearing upon the conclusions they reach. Culture, geography, history, ideology, and self-conceptions shape the thought process of a decision maker, forming what has been referred to as the psycho-socio mili eu of decision-making (Sprouts, 1965). The foreign policy decisions of Harry Truman, Saddam Hussein and Charles de Gaulle will be used as case studies to demonstrate how personality can affect the formulation and implementation of foreign policy, whilst also providing the opportunity to show the differing extents to which such traits have occasion to make an impact, due to situational factors such as in a crisis or in non-democratic regimes. This essay will conclude that the influence of individual personality traits is most evident in the foreign policies of persons in unrestricted positions of authority, and in crisis situations. In democracies, during non-critical times, the extent to which the leaders personality influences decision making varies according to his relative passive/aggressive nature. Dominant leaders will seek to reshape the international political system in accordance with their own personal vision, resulting in tenacious foreign policies through which they attem pt to advance a central idea, whilst maintenance of the status quo can be attributed more to low-dominance, introvert individuals, seeking to power-share and delegate decision making (Etheredge, 1978). The effects of personality on decision making are difficult to quantify. Interpersonal generalisation theory suggests that behavioural differences in interpersonal situations have some correlation to behavioural differences in international situations, for example, a relationship between self-assertiveness/dominance, and willingness to resort to military action (Etheredge, 1978). However, it would be naive and over-simplified to state that certain personality traits of a decision maker lead a country to war; instead they can be seen as tipping the balance towards or against a certain policy, because, put succinctly, some leaders are willing to gamble the destiny of their people in a war; others are not (Ali Musallam, 1996, p.5) It is also important to take into consideration the extent to which individual traits can be separated from role-playing. Decision makers may act how they perceive a leader in their society is expected to act, taking role-appropriate decisions which are not ne cessarily in line with their personal nature. No individual can know all the relevant factors when making a decision, thus each individuals perception of reality will be different from reality. This incongruence between the psychological and operational environments permits filters, such as the past experiences of leaders, to shape decision making. It has been argued that there is strong, robust evidence that most human choice is preconscious and strongly and quickly influenced by emotiondespite their expertise, foreign policy makers are no less biased than other people (Gross Stein, 2008, p.113). Core beliefs are held to be true even if they cannot be verified, providing the foundation of myths and ideologies; efforts to challenge them are met with hostility. The phenomenon of cognitive dissonance enables even the most intelligent of human minds to resist and deny important, uncomfortable aspects of reality. Human psychological make-up limits rationality, having a need for simplicity. In the processing and analysing of complex information, we break down information and choose how we want to interpret it. When analysing the influence of personality upon foreign policy, it is important to emphasise that the differing political environments surrounding leaders will naturally create highly variable boundaries within which they have the freedom to operate. It is a given that a dictator in an authoritarian regime has much greater, unconditional, unaccountable power to create policies suiting his personal interests, than the leader of a democracy. Within a democracy, the head of government is obliged, to some extent, to take into consideration the opinions of other authorities and experts, and must especially consult the Foreign Minister with regard to foreign policy. However, ultimately, the final decision does lie with the leader, and he does possess the power to override other opinion if he wishes. Leaders of governments can also have the advantage of hand-selecting those who they put into positions of power. A leader is likely to choose key advisors who share his core beliefs and he con siders to be generally cooperative, creating an environment in which groupthink has the potential to flourish. Political leaders in democracies should, theoretically, and sometimes in practise, reflect the attitudes and core values of their citizens. Having been through the same socialisation process and sharing the same core cultural values as his citizens, the democratic leader can be seen as an embodiment of societal character. Decision making is an institutionalised process, in which personality factors merge with cultural background factors and can often be explained in more generalisable group terms (Cerny, 1980, p.13). The mood of society sets broad boundaries around the theoretical foreign policy alternatives of decision makers. However, it has been alleged that, beyond academic elites in foreign affairs, there exists a lack of public interest in foreign policy; seemly too distant and irrelevant compared to domestic issues. It is argued that the general public is ill-informed and unstable, prone to changes in opinionat worst [they] possess non-attitudes with respect to international p olitics (Robinson, 2008, p.139). This gives the government greater freedom of movement than in formation and implementation of domestic policies, and hence greater scope for domination by significant personalities and ideologies. Nonetheless, it could also be argued that this apparent apathy is now declining due technological, transportation and communications revolutions which enable foreign affairs to be brought much closer to the daily lives of ordinary people. Personality can impact to differing extents on the formulation and implementation of foreign policy. Whilst a policy can be formulated, within the relative situational and bureaucratic restraints, to the particular personal liking of a leader and his colleagues, the implementation stage, translating foreign policy objectives into practise and desired outcomes, is more complex. Attempts to implement a policy can come into conflict with the objectives of other actors and the environment, as the boundary between decision makers and the outside world is crossed. It is true that orders may be easily issued, but that is only the beginning of the process of attempting to achieve ones goalsfor all kinds of statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [because] leaders rely on sub-contracting to bureaucratic agents, some of whom may take the opportunity to slow down or undermine the policy, or even to run their own policies in competition (BrighiHill, 2008, pp.130-4). Foreign policy is not self-executing, and requi res resources, support or mobilisation of the public, and some political consensus, particularly in a democracy. The more charismatic, persuasive and motivational the leader, the greater his chances of overcoming such opposition. This task is made particularly easy in authoritarian regimes such as North Korea, where the media is subject to state control. A leader can gain public support for his policy through the strategic use of propaganda, promoting both his greatness as a decision maker, and that of the policy. President Truman provides an interesting example of a decision maker in a democracy acting under crisis conditions. In the turbulent international conditions of the closure of WWII, he was thrust into power, following the sudden death of President Roosevelt. It was President Truman who took the historical, controversial decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It would be difficult to argue that, under the power of a different presidential personality, the US would definitely not have taken this dramatic course of action. However, a number of factors related to Trumans personality and previous experiences can be linked to his ultimate decision to drop the bomb. The first Truman had heard of the atomic bomb came after his inauguration. This bomb changed the nature of warfare to a degree that is difficult to comprehend. With such little time to absorb such information, having fought as an artillery officer in WWI, it is possible that Truman may have thought about the atomic bomb as [simply] a largerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦explosive than the ones he fired in Europe (Strong, 2005, p.15). Its radical scale of destruction was close to incomprehensible. A self-confessed amateur in foreign policy, in the shadow of Roosevelt, he wanted to establish himself. He was an active decision maker, preferring to do something rather than nothing, who enjoyed his presidential powers, and preferred not to delegate authority, believing that the President makes foreign policy (Frankel, 1963, p.21). A direct, pragmatic character, he was willing to be accountable for his decisions, proud of the signà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦on his desk announcing that the buck stops here' (Strong, 2005, p.18). Truman continued his presidency from the aftermath of WWII into the beginnings of the Cold War. Under the heightened tension of possibly imminent nuclear war, presidential power and responsibility was great; the presidents finger was, indeed, on the nuclear trigger (Fraser Murray, 2002, p.5). His conviction in the superiority of capitalism, the benefits to be gained from its adoption in other parts of the world, and the dangers outlined by Domino Theory, lead him to take a foreign policy of containment with regards to communism. In line with his military background, Truman adopted a confrontational attitude to USSR, what came to be known as the Iron Fist approach, partly in reaction to the previous Western failure of appeasement to stop Nazi expansionism. He was sceptical of all totalitarian states, claiming I dont care what you call them Nazi, Communist or Fascist-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they are all alike (Gaddis, 1982, p.66). To follow through with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, Truman needed the support of Congress and the public, which he won using his popular, persuasive, extroverted personality. A supporter of the UN, Truman was a convinced internationalist, conscious that the United States should not repeat the isolationist errors of the 1920s (Fraser Murray, 2002, p.9). This helps explain why he followed such an interventionist foreign policy during his presidency. He was willing to place himself as leader of the free world, protecting and expanding his core beliefs in democracy and capitalism. In a dictatorship, foreign policy decisions lie almost solely in the hands of the leader; his decisions can be made without the accountability, checks and balances which exist in a democracy. In 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein took the decision to invade neighbouring Kuwait. Arguably, the whole war [is] to be found in his psyche [and] insecurity (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p.350). In the aftermath of the Iran-Iraq, the country was financially destitute. Recent acrimonious encounters with the West added to Husseins growing feeling of paranoia and desperation. Having bludgeoned his way to the top, Hussein was prepared to use any means possible to stay there (Ali Musallam, 1996, p.45). He had a need to live up to his own hard-line rhetoric, to avoid meeting the fate he had recently seen Romanian dictator Nicolae fall to. Saddam was devious, untrustworthy, greedy, ambitious[and] brokehis own people did have about three goes at assassinating him in the seven months before he invaded Kuwait, s o his paranoias of public rioting and coups were not unfounded (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p.341). Saddam took Kuwaits refusal of a moratorium on its wartime loans, and refusal of other financial aid to Iraq, as a personal affront. Kuwait was incredibly rich in oil, and virtually defenceless, so to a personality like Saddam Hussein the temptation to solve his economic problems at a stroke must have been irresistible (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p. 322). The invasion was symptomatic of the stereotypical qualities of a dictator. Aggressive, egotistical and unwilling to compromise, Hussein simply decided he would take what he wanted. His bloodthirsty, ruthless nature and readiness to resort to violence can be traced back to his childhood socialisation. Suffering the physical and psychological abuse of his stepfather, Hussein was raised in the hard world of the mountains, and mafia-like warlords and family clans that control them. Guns [were seen] as essential to a manit is alleged that Saddam had shot and killed his first man by the age of eleven (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p. 314). This culture of casual violence influenced his beliefs in the harsh realities of the survival of the fittest. As a child, he would be sent to work in the fields whilst his stepbrothers would be allowed to go to school, aiding the development of his intense inferiority complex which would lead to his hunger for power and glory in later life (Ali Musallam, 1996). The former French President Charles de Gaulle was highly driven by his ideology and patriotism. He took a keen interest in foreign policy, and had the ultimate goal of restoring French historic cultural greatness on the international stage. De Gaulle came to power as a highly respected, charismatic military leader with great moral authority, often playing up to this image by making public appearances in military uniform. He obsessed over his legacy, wanting to be an inspiration for the generations of French citizens that would come after him; becoming a symbolic embodiment of how he perceived France. He was well aware of his own great personality and prestige, conscious of living his own biography, and often spoke of himself in the third person (Grosser, 1967, p.26). He assumed the role he believed a leader should take whilst in public, conforming to the perceived requirements of the title, whilst keeping his private life as detatched as possible. De Gaulles father, passionate about politics and history, was a professor who instilled his pride of France and her past into his son (de Gaulle, 1998). He considered all the actions he made by how they would mark history; less concerned with the criticisms made by those at the time of his action, and more by their judgement by future historians. Despite being a strong advocate of democracy, de Gaulle grew up in a royalist environment, and carried with him to adulthood its goals of continuity, leadership and an embodiment of the state, which were reflected in his politics. De Gaulles first Prime Minister was Michel Debrà ©, a devoted Gaullistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [who] could not refuse to do what his hero asked him to do (Thody, 1998, p.23). There was a certain unwillingness amongst de Gaulles advisors to disagree with their charismatic leader; he encouraged an environment of groupthink by surrounding himself with people of a similar view point. This was the perfect occasion for his perso nality to strongly influence the direction of French foreign policy. Possessing a certain distrust of diplomatic personnel, there is no doubt that it is General de Gaulle himself who makes the decisions on foreign policy issues (Grosser, 1967, p.13). A strong believer in intuition, if he felt a decision was right for France, he would take it. De Gaulles foreign policy was farsighted in that it was based upon his image of a post cold-war world, in which the mature nations of the old world and the newly independent states of the Third World would act to counterbalance theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦hegemony ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the US and the Soviet Union (Cerny, 1980, p.1). A born maverick, de Gaulle was not afraid to make his foreign policy disruptive of the world order. His self-perception was that of a guardian of national interest; he wanted to develop autonomy for his people by resisting the strength of the superpowers and exercising power inconsistent with his relatively limited resource capabilities, through manipulation of the international system; it would be fair to say that he had a taste for the impossible (Grosser, 1967, p.65). His policy of boycotting NATO and UN conferences was to oblige others to take greater account of France through absence than they do when she is obliged to join in decisions over which she can exert no decisive influence (Grosser, 1967, p.132). His doubts over the support of the US against Soviet invasion lead to his decision to develop a French nuclear deterrent, and to withdraw troops from NATO in 1966. He refused to accept that the two superpowers should be the sole possessors of nuclear power. De Gaulle strongly linked the notion of national security to independence, the intertwining of diplomatic and military strength, which can be explained by his military background. It would appear that the personal style of the General gives its special shape to a policy whichà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦corresponds to French desiresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is a policy that dares to take risks, to gamble for high stakes, to court failure rather than resigning itself to mediocrity and timidity (Grosser, 1967, p.xi). De Gaulle symbolically rejected Britains entry into the ECC, fearing it would upset the Franco-German leadership. He saw Britain as a Trojan Horse for America to gain greater influence in Europe, a nd was so strong in his beliefs he dared to take a stance against the other five ECC members; it isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦unlikely that any French politician other than de Gaulle would have vetoed Great Britains attempt to join the ECC (Thody, 1998, p.29). This essay has shown that the role of personality in the formulation and implementation is variable. The more critical a situation is perceived to be, the fewer people will be directly involved in its management, and so there is a greater likeliness that their conclusions and actions will reflect their own personal beliefs, attitudes and interests. Despite institutional constraints, the political leader has a significant influence over decision making, particularly when national security is seen to be at stake, or when policy can be formed relatively secretly. Even in non-crisis situations, a political leader has the potential to exercise power and thereby impose his preferences on policy. The extent to which he does so depend[s] on his own values, beliefs, background and personality (Brewer, 1992, p.160). Every person in a position of power brings personal experiences, values, preconceptions and emotions to their decision making, although some will allow bureaucracy and the power-sh aring nature of democracy to counter and balance these idiosyncrasies. Ultimately, the personality of a leader has the most influence in unaccountable, dictatorial regimes, often due to the climate of fear surrounding their unlimited powers. However, even a dictator cannot continuously take whichever foreign policy actions he pleases without some eventual restraints posed by resources, the international community, uprising of his own people or a coup.

William Shakespeares 18th and 55th Sonnets Essay -- Shakespeare 18 55

William Shakespeare's 18th and 55th Sonnets Both William Shakespeare’s 18th and 55th sonnet’s are full and complete examples of poetry at its best, and, while studying Shakespeare’s form is very important, it is equally so to look at the content and even further deep to its true meanings. His techniques which have immortalized him over several centuries are displayed at their best while still capturing his goal of honoring his lover. Although the two poems were written separately, the shared theme is evident and they almost seem to flow together. In the 18th sonnet, Shakespeare begins by comparing his lover to a summer’s day, which may be seen as a high compliment. Upon reading further, you find that not even the sun and all its’ glory can possibly compare to his dearest. As summer is shaken by the rough winds, its’ lease held short, and â€Å"his golden complexion dimm’d,† his lover is perpetual, always bright, never fading. It is interesting to see how he equates the existence of his writing to that of the unknown lover, saying â€Å"so long lives this and this gives the...

A Study Of Electrical Power Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

Electrical power systems include a generating system, a transmittal and distribution system and tonss. Transmission and distribution system is an of import connecting nexus between the majority power bring forthing Stationss and the burden lopes. The coevals workss are usually located in topographic point where the resources are available to bring forth power economically. The recent tendency in power system pattern is to turn up the coevals workss off from the to a great extent populated countries. The power is so transmitted to the burden by transmittal lines and distribution webs. Transmission is made of a high electromotive force web, by and large 110 – 765 kilovolt Ac. The higher the electromotive force degree of a transmittal line, the lower is the transmittal power loss. However, the electromotive force bounds for the transmittal line electromotive forces are set by insularity and protective devices. The standard transmittal line electromotive forces depend upon the state and they are: 765, 550, 500, 400, 345, 275, 230, 169, 145, 132, 110, 66, 33 kilovolt. The electromotive forces in the scope of 345 – 765 kilovolts are classified as excess high electromotive force ( EHV ) . The electromotive forces above 765 kilovolts are considered as extremist high electromotive forces ( UHV ) . Presently, the UHV systems, at 1000- , 1500- , 2250- kilovolt electromotive force degrees are in research phase. Point to indicate transmittal is, some clip, preferred by HVDC. The electromotive force degrees used for HVDC power transmittal are: 250 kilovolt, 400 kilovolt, 500 kilovolt and 550 kilovolt. Higher District of Columbia electromotive forces are being planned. National Grid Malaysia is the chief electricity transmittal web associating the electricity coevals, transmittal, distribution and ingestion in Malaysia. It is operated and owned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad ( TNB ) . The transmittal line electromotive forces for Malaysia are runing at 132kV, 275kV and 500kV. Other than grid system, Malaysia besides has a High Voltage Direct Current Transmission line where the 300 MW Thailand – Malaysia HVDC interconnectedness system consists of Khlong Ngae convertor station on the Thai boundary line and Gurun convertor station on the Malaysia boundary line. Both Stationss are linked by a 300 KV DC overhead transmittal line of 110 kilometer. EGAT ‘s Khlong Ngae convertor station is situated at Sadao territory in Southern Songkhla state, approximately 24 km.from Thai-Malaysia boundary line. TNB ‘s Gurun convertor station is located in Kedah, approximately 86 kilometers. from Malaysia ‘s northern boundary line. Malaysia will purchase electricity during the twenty-four hours clip for our commercial use which is Malaysia ‘s Peak use and Thailand will purchase during the eventide boulder clay tardily dark where their use is at the extremum. History of Use In the early yearss of commercial usage of electric power, transmittal of electric power at the same electromotive force as used by illuming and mechanical tonss restricted the distance between bring forthing works and consumers. Originally coevals was with direct current, which could non easy be increased in electromotive force for long-distance transmittal. Different categories of tonss, for illustration, illuming, fixed motors and grip ( railroad ) systems, required different electromotive forces and so used different generators and circuits. The alleged â€Å" cosmopolitan system † used transformers both to twosome generators to high-potential transmittal lines, and to link transmittal to local distribution circuits. By a suited pick of public-service corporation frequence, both illuming and motor tonss could be served. Rotary convertors and subsequently mercury-arc valves and other rectifier equipment allowed DC burden to be served by local transition where needed. Even bring forthing Stationss and tonss utilizing different frequences could besides be interconnected utilizing rotary convertors. By utilizing common bring forthing workss for every type of burden, of import economic systems of graduated table were achieved, lower overall capital investing was required, load factor on each works was increased leting for higher efficiency, leting for a lower cost of energy to the consumer and increased overall usage of electric power. By leting multiple bring forthing workss to be interconnected over a broad country, electricity production cost was reduced. The most efficient available workss could be used to provide the varying loads during the twenty-four hours. Reliability was improved and capital investing cost was reduced, since stand-by bring forthing capacity could be shared over many more clients and a wider geographic country. Remote and low-priced beginnings of energy, such as hydroelectric power or mine-mouth coal, could be exploited to take down energy production cost. The first transmittal of three-phase jumping current utilizing high electromotive force took topographic point in 1891 during the international electricity exhibition in Frankfurt. A 25 kilovolt transmittal line, about 175 kilometers long, connected Lauffen on the Neckar and Frankfurt. Voltages used for electric power transmittal increased throughout the twentieth century. By 1914 55 transmittal systems runing at more than 70,000 V were in service, the highest electromotive force so used was 150,000 Vs. The first three-phase jumping current power transmittal at 110 kilovolts took topographic point in 1912 between Lauchhammer and Riesa, Germany. On April 17, 1929 the first 220 kilovolt line in Germany was completed, running from Brauweiler near Cologne, over Kelsterbach near Frankfurt, Rheinau near Mannheim, Ludwigsburg-Hoheneck near Austria. The masts of this line were designed for eventual ascent to 380 kilovolt. However the first transmittal at 380 kilovolt in Germany was on October 5, 1957 between the substations in Rommerskirchen and Ludwigsburg-Hoheneck. In 1967 the first extra-high-voltage transmittal at 735 kilovolts took topographic point on a Hydro-Quebec transmittal line. In 1982 the first transmittal at 1200 kilovolt was in the Soviet Union. The rapid industrialisation in the twentieth century made electrical transmittal lines and grids a critical portion of the economic substructure in most industrialised states. Interconnection of local coevals workss and little distribution webs was greatly spurred by the demands of World War I, where big electrical generating workss were built by authoritiess to supply power to weaponries mills ; subsequently these workss were connected to provide civil burden through long-distance transmittal. Small municipal electrical public-service corporations did non needfully want to cut down the cost of each unit of electricity sold ; to some extent, particularly during the period 1880-1890, electrical lighting was considered a luxury merchandise and electric power was non substituted for steam power. Engineers such as Samuel Insull in the United States and Sebastian Z. De Ferranti in the United Kingdom were instrumental in get the better ofing proficient, economic, regulative and political troubles in development of long-distance electric power transmittal. By debut of electric power transmittal webs, in the metropolis of London the cost of a kilowatt hr was reduced to tierce in a ten-year period. In 1926 electrical webs in the United Kingdom began to be interconnected in the National Grid, ab initio runing at 132,000 Vs. Hazard Posed by High Voltage Power Lines Electrical jeopardies The hovering electric and magnetic Fieldss in electromagnetic radiation will bring on an electric current in any music director through which it passes. Strong radiation can bring on current capable of presenting an electric daze to individuals or animate beings. It can besides overload and destruct electrical equipment. 3.1.1 Electrocution Hazards Working Near Overhead Power Lines Most overhead power lines are n ot insulated.Activities conducted near overhead powerlines such as: threading communicating wiring ; raising antenna masts ; mounting in trees and onto edifices ; and utilizing portable metal ladder presents a existent danger Fire jeopardies Highly high power electromagnetic radiation can do electric currents strong plenty to make flickers when an induced electromotive force exceeds the breakdown electromotive force of the environing medium. These flickers can so light flammable stuffs or gases, perchance taking to an detonation. This can be a peculiar jeopardy in the locality of explosives or pyrotechnics, since an electrical overload might light them. This hazard is normally referred to as RadHaz or HERO ( Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance ) . Biological jeopardies The best understood biological consequence of electromagnetic Fieldss is to do dielectric warming. For illustration, touching an aerial while a sender is in operation can do terrible Burnss. This warming consequence varies with the frequence of the electromagnetic energy. The eyes are peculiarly vulnerable to RF energy in the microwave scope, and prolonged exposure to microwaves can take to cataracts. Each frequence in the electromagnetic spectrum is absorbed by populating tissue at a different rate, called the specific soaking up rate or SAR, which has units of Watts per kg ( W/kg ) . The IEEE and many national authoritiess have established safety bounds for exposure to assorted frequences of electromagnetic energy based on SAR. There are publications which support the being of complex biological effects of weaker non-thermal electromagnetic Fieldss, including weak ELF magnetic Fieldss and modulated RF and micro-cook Fieldss. Cardinal mechanisms of the interaction between biological stuff and electromagnetic Fieldss at non-thermal degrees are non to the full understood.. Environmental effects from transmittal lines can be found merely near to the line. Biological effects from electrical and magnetic Fieldss around the line have been intensively discussed during the last twosome of old ages. 3.4 Health Effectss Certain research surveies show fringy inauspicious wellness effects on human existences. Other surveies do non corroborate these effects. 3.5 Pollutant aerosols under high Voltage Power Lines A probe of theoretically and by experimentation conducted at H.H Wills Physics Laboratory University of Bristol to measure the increased exposure to airborne pollutants near power lines. Harmonizing to Fews ( 1999 ) , exposures were carried out at different power line location in assorted conditions conditions and the exposure are taken along a line at a right angles up to 200m from a figure of high electromotive force power transmittal line. The consequence of the theoretical account predicts a two of three fold addition in deposition of aerosols on spherical surfaces miming the human caput under high electromotive force lines. This status applies when pesticides or other chemical are sprayed below the power line, the aerosols conditions will formed and do more risky conditions. 3.6 Vehicles As referred to Bonneville Power Portland, vehicles parked under some high electromotive forces lines, vehicles can be roll up an induced electromotive force if the vehicle is parked on a nonconducting surface such as asphalt or dry lock. It will make flickers or worst electricity in your auto as it is non grounded. A individual will be electrocuted, when he or she is used as a music director to anchor the electromotive force induced. 3. 7 Lightning Lightning will normally strike the highest nearby object, which might be a power line tower or wire. Transmission facilitates are designed to defy lightning work stoppages by imparting them to land at the tower. Death can happen as a individual ‘s organic structure provides a way for current flow doing tissue harm and bosom failure. Other hurts can include Burnss from the discharge generated by the inadvertent contact. These can be particularly unsafe if the victims air passages are affected. Injuries may besides be suffered as a consequence of the physical forces exerted as people may fall from tallness or be thrown considerable distance. 3.8 Tall objects Tall object such as trees and turning flora at high electromotive force lines is risky at 2 facets. First is the semen in contact with the a transmittal line will take to closing down that line and upset the flow of electricity. Second trees and flora can carry on electricity, a state of affairs that can endanger people around the country, animate beings and belongings. The trees can basically go electrified and injured people touches it and might wound or even kill the individual. Electricity can even leap or curve from the transmittal line up to 15 pess off between the power lines and flora. For this intent a 25 pess safety zone is implemented by Bonneville Power ( 2008 ) utilizing the article â€Å" Keeping the manner clear for safe and dependable service † Malaysia as equator and tropical conditions is full of Vegetation and trees in the surrounding of the transmittal lines. Therefore this is really risky in the Malaysia evidences. 3.9 Trespassing Trespassing and hooliganism have been one of the chief issues in Malaysia where 1000000s of ringgit needed to replace and mend the amendss cause by unwanted activities mentioned. Steel beam and other parts of the tower and transmittal lines were taken down by larceny has been a really alarming. 3.10 Pools /Water Pools or pools should be situated near or under the transmittal line because it impedes the workers abilities to run and keep the power lines and presents a possible safety jeopardies to the populace. The jeopardy scope from possible electrical contact with the iwres to dangers that can be brushs during and after lightning work stoppage on transmittal installations. These conditions could be seen at the transmittal lines across paddy Fieldss at the province of KEDAH. Reason why High Voltage Power Line is Still Use Most of the high electromotive force power line usage overhead lines, but the power distribution within the metropolis or crowded topographic points is done utilizing belowground overseas telegrams. Less than one per centum of the entire transmittal lines are placed underground. Although belowground ac transmittal would show a solution to the environmental and aesthetic jobs involved in overhead lines, there are proficient and economical grounds that make the usage of belowground Ac transmittal prohibitive. For low electromotive force distribution applications there are no proficient jobs in utilizing overseas telegrams. The aesthetic and safety demands override the economical considerations in most of the distribution systems and therefore the belowground overseas telegrams are constantly used. High electromotive force power line building is much less expensive than belowground transmittal. Bare wires are used in overhead lines with insularity employed at the points that the wire is supported. Wood or galvanized steel towers are used to back up the music directors. The dielectrics at the music director support points are normally ball and socket porcelain or fiberglass rods covered with skirts made of a compound similar to silicon gum elastic. Lines are good protected against lightning with lightning arresters and shield wires. Bundled music directors are used for 230 kilovolts and above to cut down line reactance and corona effects. There is a trade off between the line losingss and the cost of building the line. Lowering the I2R losingss normally means larger music directors at higher electromotive force operation. This increases the cost of music directors and back uping tower cost. Therefore, the decrease in line loss must be carefully weighed against increased cost. Underground lines are most normally used to feed urban substations in high burden denseness countries. The highest belowground transmittal line electromotive force is 525 kilovolt. Since the cost of an belowground line is 9 to 15 times the cost of an overhead line they are installed merely when they offer a clear advantage or there is no option. The grounds for the high cost are: EHV insularity is expensive. The overseas telegrams must be installed in pipes made of steel or bronze which is dearly-won. Proper chilling with oil circulation is required. Difficult to turn up the mistake and expensive to mend. The overseas telegrams are constructed with oil impregnated paper insularity in many beds. The overseas telegram has a coiling metal wire lesion around the exterior of the insularity to forestall harm to the overseas telegrams while puting. The full overseas telegram is covered with a thin lead sheath that keeps the oil impregnation in the insularity. After the overseas telegram is installed, the pipe is filled with oil. The oil is pumped through the pipe to chill every bit good as insulate the overseas telegram. The oil circulation system includes pumps, filters and oil armored combat vehicles. Sulpher hexaflouride ( SF6 ) is some times used to insulate belowground transmittal overseas telegrams. The popularity of SF6 is increasing because of its simpleness. The belowground transmittal lines are more dependable if decently installed. Adverse consequence that high electromotive force on homo, animate beings, and environment Consequence on Human The preponderance of grounds shows that the low power low frequence electromagnetic radiation associated with family current is really safe, and no biophysical theories for the induction or publicity of malignant neoplastic disease have been substantiated, some research has implicated exposure in a figure of inauspicious wellness effects. These include, but are non limited to, childhood leukemia ( mentions at a lower place ) , grownup leukemia, and neurodegenerative diseases. 5.1.2. Leukaemia and malignant neoplastic disease Harmonizing to a case-control survey conducted in United Kingdom peculiarly in England and Wales, there is an association between childhood leukemia and propinquity of place reference at birth to high electromotive force power lines and the evident hazard extends to greater distance than would hold been expected. About 4 % of kids in England and Wales live within 600meter of high electromotive force lines at birth. If the association is causal, approximately 1 % of childhood leukemia in England and Wales would be properties to these lines though this estimation has considerable statistical uncertainness. A United Kingdom survey of 29,000 instances of childhood malignant neoplastic disease, including 9700 instances of leukemia, found a rise hazard of childhood leukemia in kids who lived within 200m of high electromotive force lines at birth compared with those who lived beyond 600m. There was besides a rebuff increased hazard for those populating 200-600m from the lines at birth as this further than can readily be explained by magnetic Fieldss it may be due to other aetiological factors associated with power line. Harmonizing to Dr. Paul Vailleneuve of the University of Ottawa finds in survey published in February 2002 that those who were exposed to a moderate 6mG of magnetic Fieldss increased by a factor of 12 their odds of developing an agressive encephalon tumour know as glioblastoma multiforme. The Nipponese National Institute for Environmental Studies and the National Cancer Center, in midterm analysis of a joint three-year study undertaking, have concluded kids who are frequently exposed to such electromagnetic moving ridges, emitted from high-potential power lines and some family contraptions, are on norm more than twice as likely to acquire leukemia than those who are non exposed to EMF. These researches shows an indicant there are hazard involved wellness of the public peculiarly people populating nigh High Voltage Power Lines. The authorities and the govern organic structure should take these status earnestly as it involves human life and besides agonies. 5.1.3 Effect of magnetic field toward melatonin ( Sleeping upset ) Harmonizing to Maisch, Podd and Rapley ( 2002 ) , the research has found changeless exposure of magnetic field to single will do kiping disorder.One possible manner a magnetic field could impact slumber is by impacting the production of melatonin, a endocrine produced by pineal secretory organ. The pineal secretory organ is the major control secretory organ over this rhythm, with melatonin production controlled by signals from postganglionic sympathetic fibers ( nerve cells ) connected to the hormone-producing cell of the pineal gland.The firing rate of the endocrine bring forthing varies from daytime and dark. Melatonin is known for its kiping heightening belongingss to guarantee homo would hold a dormant continuance at dark. Harmonizing to Melatonin Hypothesis: Breast Cancer and Use of Electrical Power ( 1997 ) , electromagnetic spectrum peculiarly seeable scope suppresses melatonin synthesis in the pineal secretory organ of all craniates including adult male. Dr Scott Davis of Fre d Hutchinson Cancer Research Center found the higher magnetic field degrees at dark were associated with significantly lower melatonin degrees. Therefore, the researches had come to a conclusive determination that low frequence Fieldss will make dormant perturbation. 5.1.4 Effect on Pregnant adult females and babies The high electromotive force power lines besides give consequence to the pregnant adult females and her babies. For an illustration a survey by Dr. De-Kun Li ( January 2002 ) shows that, a treble addition in overall self-generated abortions and a sextuple addition in self-generated abortions happening before the tenth hebdomad of gestation is associated with even fleeting exposure to magnetic Fieldss greater than 16 milligram. Similar consequences were found in a separate paper on self-generated abortions prepared for the undertaking by G. M. Lee which is printed in the same issue. Harmonizing to a intelligence study in New Scientist of January 10, 2002, Li ‘s consequences caused a California Health Services section scientist, Raymond Neutra, to review his 1991 survey of 727 adult females. Originally, his group ‘s survey had measured mean magnetic field exposures and with inconclusive consequences. However, when Neutra late reanalyzed the information from his earlier surv ey, he discovered the consequences were similar to Li ‘s. Womans exposed to top out magnetic field degrees greater than 14 milligrams doubled their hazard of abortion over those who had no such exposure. Consequence on the Environment High Voltage Power Lines: Power lines deliver electricity ( normally at 50 or 60 Hz ) and may cross 100s of kilometers. Degrees of electromagnetic Fieldss ( EMF ) from human-made beginnings have increased steadily over the past 50-100 old ages. Most EMF exposures come from increased usage of electricity and new engineerings. In the past decennaries, possible inauspicious effects from EMF exposure on human wellness have been an of import subject of research. However, small has been published about the impact of EMF on the natural terrestrial and aquatic environment. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) is turn toing this issue through the International EMF Project. One of the Project ‘s aims is to supply advice to national governments and others on EMF wellness and environmental effects and protective steps or actions if needed. This information sheet summarizes the current scientific apprehension on the effects of exposure to EMF Fieldss on the life environment, across the electromagnetic spectrum in the frequence scope 0-300 GHz. This scope covers all frequences that are emitted into the environment through usage of EMF engineering. Recommendations are besides given for farther research to make full spreads in cognition needed to better buttocks EMF environmental impacts. Awareness of any environmental impacts of EMF is of import to guarantee the saving of tellurian and marine ecosystems, which form the footing for sustainable development. Protection of the environment and preservation of nature have become affairs of great involvement to the populace, every bit good as to authoritiess. Such involvement is frequently expressed as concern over possible environmental impacts of big engineering undertakings, such as dikes, atomic power workss, and radiofrequency senders. Several undertakings have been capable to public force per unit areas on environmental evidences, with EMF being one but non needfully the lone issue. For illustration, a proposed high frequence ( HF ) wireless sender for the Voice of America in Israel, which would hold been the universe ‘s largest wireless station, was blocked from building on environmental evidences, in portion related to concerns about possible effects of wireless frequence Fieldss on migrating birds. Public concern about environmental exposure to EMF has ranged from claims of decreased milk production in cattles croping under power lines to damage to trees nigh high power radio detection and rangings. Such concerns might besides impact the development of new engineering: several programs have been proposed since the late sixtiess for bring forthing electric power in infinite by revolving arrays of solar panels. Large sums of electricity generated by such solar power orbiters would be transmitted to ample aerials on the land. In add-on to get the better ofing proficient troubles, this and other new engineerings would hold to derive public credence. Consequence on the Animals Most surveies of EMF effects in animate beings have been conducted to look into possible inauspicious wellness effects in worlds. These are normally performed on standard research lab animate beings used in toxicological surveies, e.g. rats and mice, but some surveies have besides included other species such as like short-living flies for the probe of genotoxic effects. The topic of this information sheet, nevertheless, is whether Voltage can hold harmful impacts on species of wild and domestic animate beings. Under consideration are: Speciess, in peculiar certain fish, reptilians, mammals and migratory birds, which rely on the natural ( geomagnetic ) inactive magnetic field as one of a figure of parametric quantities believed to be used for orientation and navigational cues Farm animate beings ( e.g. swine, sheep or cowss ) croping under power lines ( 50/60 Hz ) or in the locality of broadcast medium aerials Flying zoologies, such as birds and insects, this may go through through the chief beam of high power radio-frequency aerials and radio detection and ranging beams or through high strength ELF Fieldss near power lines. Surveies performed to day of the month hold found small grounds of EMF effects on zoologies at degrees below ICNIRP ‘s guideline degrees. In peculiar, there were no inauspicious effects found on cowss croping below power lines. However, it is known that flight public presentation of insects can be impaired in electric Fieldss above 1kV/m, but important effects have merely been shown for bees when electrically conductive urtications are placed straight under power lines. Un-insulated un-earthed music directors placed in an electric field can go charged and cause hurt or interrupt the activity of animate beings, birds and insects.5.0 LEGAL EleCtrical safety REQUIREMENTSUnderstanding the consequence of electrical jeopardies such as decease and devastation of belongings, assorted attempts have been made by the authorities to guarantee the safety of users/workers and the proper use of electricity through statute laws and enforcement. Among the statutory commissariats related to the safety usage of electricity are:Electricity Supply Act 1990Electrical Supply Regulations 1994SIRIM Standards for Electrical EquipmentOoccupational Safety and Health Act 1994 ( OSHA 1994 )Legislation and enforcement of these Acts and Regulations guarantee the safety of users. High electromotive force is defined by the DOE Electrical Safety Guidelines as:Over 600 Vs, but any electromotive force above 50 Vs should be considered life threatening, and treated consequently. Normally high electromotive force circuits and equipment are marked with Hazard Signs. Mentions on High Voltage can be found in: I ) Occupational safety and health administration Defines high electromotive force and lists preparation demands and safe work patterns ( including attack distances ) . two ) NEC NFPA 70 â€Å" National Electrical Code † provides extra information on high electromotive force equipment. three ) OTHER NFPA 70E â€Å" Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee workplaces † provides elaborate safe attack distances for working on high electromotive force equipment. four ) From Electrical Supply Act ( Syarikat Pengganti ) states the distance from the land to the transmittal varies harmonizing to the electromotive force value of the transmittal line. There are three status references from the route, other so the route and the location could non be reached by the route bole. Table 1 Voltage system between the music director On the route ( Meter ) Other than on the route ( Meter ) Location could non reached by the route ( Meter ) Not more than 600 Volts 5.49 5.18 4.57 More than 600 less than 11,000 V 5.79 5.49 4.88 More than 11,000 V less than 66,000 V 6.10 6.10 5.18 More than 66,000 V less than 132,000 V 6.70 6.70 5.79 More than 132,000 V less than 275,000 V 7 7 7 More than 275,000 V 7.3 7.3 7.3 Harmonizing to Strauss and Bernard ( 1991 ) , some of the federal Torahs in United States do non modulate electric and magnetic Fieldss due to public deductions and besides multi billion dollar electricity industries in the States. Some of the new Torahs are non based on scientific dictum about safe degree of magnetic filed exposure but instead on the premise that the position quo is publically acceptable. With this statement, In Malaysian ‘s the ordinances and act on the High Voltage Power Lines are non truly specific and all conditions could be change by the Minister in charge. Decision As refer to all the risky possibilities, yet still there are non proved status the danger of the magnetic moving ridge towards human wellness. There are a few researches shown there is a really high possibility of developing malignant neoplastic disease due high electromotive force transmittals lines but none of the research is definite and conclusive. Besides malignant neoplastic disease, a research has found low frequence magnetic moving ridge could strip homo ‘s sleeping form during dark clip because of stamp downing the melatonin endocrine. Other than that, the status or location of the transmittal line in Malaysia has lid concerns when the transmittal lines fluxing through the paddy field, the wood and besides the lodging estate. As for the ordinance concerns, due to none of the researches shown the danger of magnetic moving ridge in malignant neoplastic disease and other risky status, safeguards of these safety conditions are neglected. Equally long as there is no complain or human death from the populace, the authorities assume it has reach the safety demands. Therefore, we as the citizens or public, have to go a victim foremost before any Act or Regulation would be drafted to avoid such state of affairs. Make bear in head, it is non prevention but simply an turning away from the authorization. As more underdeveloped states are traveling frontward towards industrialization, more power lines are needed and more power workss will be build to for coevals. Therefore is our female parent Earth in the save from these magnetic moving ridges? Will it destruct our Earth and human sort or the mutational conditions has reached its extremum? No organic structure can reply it. As what a politician would state, there is non danger unless there are marks of decease or irreversible conditions. Uncertainty is the most deathly status compared to certainty.

Pride and Prejudice: Book Review Essay

Pride and Prejudice, a classic novel by Jane Austen, tells the story of a complicated love that develops between what was thought to be two very different personalities. The protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet, misjudges a man upon rumor and appearance, but finds out she is extraordinarily wrong. The novel explains how difficult it is to fully understand someone after settling upon assumptions and being under the influence of the authorities around them. However this is the trial one must pass in order to find true love or friendship. Social class was a major influence throughout the 1800s, when this story takes place. Unfortunately, the Bennet family was fairly poor compared to Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy’s. This is where some of the conflict originates from. The Bennet girls fall in love with upper class men despite their social order which prevents them from being a desirable pair. On the other hand, the poor end of the relationship would benefit from a marriage to a rich family. Characters such as Elizabeth and Jane are torn apart as they struggle against the pressure from their mother and other aristocrats that frown upon their relationships with Darcy and Bingley. The novel primarily focuses on the personalities and actions of female characters as they strive to gain happiness. However, the women in this novel can be divided into two groups. The first includes characters such as Mrs. Bennet, Miss Bingley, Lydia, and Lady Catherine. These women have the tendency to manipulate the world around them in their favor. They display all the faults in women; greed, over confidence, and stupidity to name a few. The other half of women consists of Jane and Elizabeth Bennet, and Georgiana Darcy. These characters can be thought of as the good-hearted women. Although they have some realistic faults, their overall personality reflects the honest side of women. Jane and Elizabeth, regardless if they come from the same family as Lydia and Mrs. Bennet, appear to be more intelligent judging from actions they take and the way they respond to things. The two  Bennet girls are not as heavily concerned with money as the other women. Also, Georgiana is a shy girl that does not have the arrogant personality that is often obtained by women of high rank and or wealth. Austen is able to create a miniature representation of women in English society just by a few characters in this story. She criticizes ignorant women with similar mindsets as the first group of women (including Lydia, etc.) that she encountered from her experience. Readers are able to conclude from this novel that most women in the 1800s desired only marriage that would lead to wealth, gaining social rank, and saw it as their sole responsibility to become wives. The author restores some dignity in women by adding characters such as Elizabeth who have the sensibility and modesty that allows them to reflect upon their mistakes, while others never admit to theirs. Austen suggests ideal women should be like Elizabeth and not what the characters of the book consider accomplished. In addition, male characters in Pride and Prejudice also have a variety of personalities. Characters such as Mr. Darcy have their faults towards the beginning but are able to fix them as the story progresses. For instance, Mr. Darcy’s pride and shyness contradicts itself, however both play an active role in giving Elizabeth the wrong impression. His secret love comes to believe the man as arrogant and unpleasant. In fictional reality, Mr. Darcy is actually a very gracious man, but is unable to express his thoughts in a polite manner especially to people he has never been acquainted with. Elizabeth also goes through the same process as she gains more information about Darcy from others, himself, and through personal experience. The prejudice that develops on Elizabeth’s side creates the drama that drives this story to be exciting. In reality, the traits these characters have are quite common. By nature, human beings have the urge to create assumptions towards other people. They may be wrong, but it is only natural to have them. It is the goodness of the person that prevents them from presenting these assumptions without evidence. Some characters fail to do this, and whenever they approach an idea in their favor, they must share it. Whether we realize it or not, we  have many faults. The morals of the story encourage the initiative that should be taken to fix the mistakes we make. This novel teaches us not to misjudge a person without completely understanding them, which formulates the title, Pride and Prejudice. The story not only gives a happy ending, but a resolution to overcoming influences that have nothing to do with the actual relationship between people. An appropriate judgment can only be made by individuals themselves. I would recommend this story to people who have been troubled with similar situations when it comes to judging or leaving a positive impression on others. The morals in Pride and Prejudice are put into relatable context to the real world. I am sure it will affect the reader’s viewpoint in one way or another, as it did for me. Not only is this story for those troubled in relationships, but the fact that it is a beautiful love story should not be disregarded. I would definitely be interested in reading similar books like this or other novels by Jane Austen because I fell in love with the characters and the author’s writing. The style of writing that colored each picture and thought that went into every sentence was very well done. I praise the author’s ability to word this love story so perfectly.

How to Use Adverbs to Express Time [English Business Writing]

How to Use Adverbs to Express Time [English Business Writing] As businesses become more international, so must our business writing. Fortunately, good business writing skills transfer very well to global audiences, but there is some confusing grammar that global business writers need to watch. Let’s examine the advantage of using adverbs, instead of grammar, to express time. There are certain grammatical structures that show when two actions happen in relationship to each other. However, these structures are complicated and can be difficult for non-native speakers of English to understand. For example: Before I reported my findings to the team, I had attended the conference. This sentence is grammatically correct, but it is long and uses two different past tenses to show which action happened first. Instead, you can write this: First, I went to the conference. Then, I reported my findings to my team. The first example sounds more sophisticated, but the second example is easier to understand. This is because the second example uses short, direct sentences, the simple past tense, and the â€Å"First† and â€Å"Then† to show the relationship between the two events. The second example does not rely on complicated grammar to show the relationship between those two sentences. A quick review of adverbs There are two ways to understand adverbs – their grammatical job in the sentence and what questions they answer for you. Grammatically, adverbs have three jobs: They can describe a verb: He speaks eloquently. They can describe another adverb: He speaks very And, they can describe an adjective: He is quite Sometimes, though, it is easier to think about the questions that adverbs answer for us: How – He speaks eloquently. (Eloquently tells us how he speaks.) How much – We have staff meetings weekly. (Weekly tells us how much we have staff meetings.) When – First, we need to review the proposals. (First tells us when the action needs to occur.) It’s the last question, WHEN, that makes adverbs particularly useful in business writing. Using adverbs, instead of grammar, to describe time is easier to understand, and will usually force you to use shorter, more direct sentences that are often more explicit. Examples of adverbs of time are: First, second, third First, next, last In the beginning, In the end/At the end Now, Then Today, Tomorrow, Yesterday hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(41482, 'c61cbd6e-f7ce-458b-af11-45f3cbe8af31', {}); Let’s look at one more example of how these adverbs of time work. Here is the complicated sentence: As a result of the challenging business climate, we will need to cut back on frivolous spending. AND The business climate is challenging. Now, we need to cut back on frivolous spending. The second example uses two shorter sentences that are more direct. It also uses the adverb of time â€Å"Now† to help orient the reader, instead of the complicated grammar of the first example. As you can see, writing for a global audience is not so different from good business writing. Short, clear, direct sentences help your reader to respond in a timely manner. Instructional Solutions offers Online Business Writing Courses that can help youwrite better work, to both domestic and global audiences.

Interests Rates Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interests Rates - Coursework Example Akerlof’s experience during his writings on Lemons problem and its effect on the proficient functioning of a market is best summarized by stating that markets are characterized by asymmetric information, and thus there is a need for adjusting the markets interests rates for individual market participants, which necessitates the better-informed participants to take costly actions in an effort to develop market outcome by transmitting credible information to the poorly informed. According to Akerlof, most sellers are likely to lower the quality of a product in situations where the buyer cannot exactly determine or observe the product quality. He adds prices are likely to decline because of the unwillingness of the buyers to pay because of skimped quality. This leads a much lower quality because sellers maximize every opportunity to make more prices at the lower prices offered by buyers. This leads to market failure because sellers would sell a high-quality product at high prices despite the fact that buyers are willing to pay for the high prices.Akerlof uses examples of second-hand cars to enhance his theory of market equilibrium. The categories the cars into two; Lemons and Plums. The lemon represents a bad car, a car that is of poor quality and buyers should avoid buying lemons in the market according to Akerlof. He uses plum to mean a good quality car and most buyers would prefer to buy a plum. This situation occurs because people will not easily verify the quality of a product.

London transport in decline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

London transport in decline - Essay Example nd provides travel tips, downloadable maps for all modes of transport and information about where and how to get various kinds of travel tickets/passes. First time visitors better study all the possible modes of transport and plan the itinerary carefully before starting to explore the enchanting beauty of the city† (The London Transport System, 2010). During the peak hours, that is between 9.00 and 10.30 a.m. and 4.00 and 5.30 pm, the traffic could be daunting as these are the rush hours and people travel to and from during these hours. Other than these timings, traveling is relatively peaceful and enjoyable during rest of the day. Traveling in London can get to the nerves when it slows down in certain places because of traffic congestion. But traffic congestion allows one to enjoy the sights even more. London has its share of stately buildings and parks. There is also the mighty river, Thames, flowing through the city. It is not for nothing that over 14 percent of the population in the United Kingdom lives in London. However, the high population and business life in London has frayed the traveling system in London. Almost around the year, there is some repair or modification work at an Underground site that slows down travel by Underground rails. â€Å"Travel experts feel that the underground is showing its age, resulting in frequent delays, escalators going out of action and some stations being closed for repairs, especially during weekends. Though crime is not rampant, tourists are advised to avoid empty carriages, especially in the late hours. Smoking is prohibited both at the station and on the carriage. Tickets can be purchased at the station before entering the tube† (The London Transport System, 2010). â€Å"The London Underground is Europes largest metro subway system and is the worlds oldest underground system. It was inaugurated in 1863. It covers 253 miles of track and transports 976 million people yearly. The Underground is also connected to a